Accuracy and reliability
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Science, Technology and Culture, Business StatisticsMille Wilhjelm Poulsen
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They are based on a complete census, of the expected research-active institutions, of approximately 650 public institutions, with a response rate close to 100 percent. The large dataset undergoes extensive validation, and except for a single question, the extent of imputation for missing values is relatively limited. Imputation may, for example, involve inserting calculated values from other institutions’ reports in place of missing information.
Overall accuracy
The statistics is based on a census of approximately 650 public institutions performing research and development and the response rate is 100 percent. Despite the large number of variables the measurement error is considered to be small which is based on the very comprehensive data validation process.
Sampling error
The statistics is not based on a sample.
Non-sampling error
The non-sampling error is low which is primarily due to the very high coverage. Furthermore, there is no over-coverage. Despite the large number of variables the measurement error is considered to be small which is based on the very comprehensive data validation process.
Quality management
Statistics Denmark follows the recommendations on the organisation and management of quality set out in the Code of Practice for European Statistics and the accompanying implementation model, the Quality Assurance Framework. Read more about these on the page Quality in official statistics.
Quality management is supported by common principles, guidelines and managerial responsibility for quality in statistical products and processes. The aim is to ensure a systematic and consistent approach to quality across the entire statistical production.
Quality assurance
Quality assurance at Statistics Denmark is integrated into the statistical production processes and is carried out in accordance with the principles of the Code of Practice for European Statistics. Read more on the page Quality in official statistics.
Quality assurance includes the continuous use of standardised procedures, documentation in line with international standards and internal controls related to data collection, data processing and dissemination. Experience gained from production is continuously used to identify needs for adjustments and improvements.
Quality assessment
The statistics are based on a complete census, of the expected research-active institutions, with a very high response rate. Non-response is below 1 percent. For the largest reporters, universities and university hospitals, data collection is carried out in close cooperation with so-called main contacts. The submitted data undergo extensive validation, and only for a single question regarding R&D in strategic areas is there a substantial imputation rate of approximately 20 percent.
Data revision - policy
Statistics Denmark revises published figures in accordance with the Revision Policy for Statistics Denmark. The common procedures and principles of the Revision Policy are for some statistics supplemented by a specific revision practice.
Data revision practice
Data for the most recent year are published as preliminary figures. The reference years 2007-2023 are published as final statistics. At the publication of the 2024 statistics the 2023 statistics will be published as final data.